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''Debut'' is the second studio album by Icelandic recording artist Björk. The album was released in July 1993 on One Little Indian in the United Kingdom and Elektra Records in the United States. Björk worked on the album with producer Nellee Hooper who co-wrote five of ''Debuts songs with her. The album mostly consists of love songs relating to subjects such as her boyfriend Dominic Thrupp, her producer Nellee Hooper and the love of life itself. Musically, the songs on this album took a different direction from her previous albums with her former band the Sugarcubes, with the backing music ranging from house, jazz and trip hop styles. Most of the songs from ''Debut'' were written years prior to the production of the album. As well as working with Graham Massey, Björk wanted to work with jazz musicians and contacted Oliver Lake and Corky Hale to record jazz arrangements to some of the songs. After meeting producer Nellee Hooper, the two completed production on the album in 1993. On ''Debuts initial release, the album sold far greater than her label predicted, charting at number three in the United Kingdom and 61 in the United States. The album was certified gold in Canada and platinum in the United States, where it remains her best-selling album to date. ''Debut'' received widespread critical acclaim from British music critics, who praised Björk's vocals and the choice of a wide range of musical styles on the album. In the United States, the album received more mixed reviews, with some critics complaining about its lack of rock music. Five singles were released from ''Debut'': "Human Behaviour", "Venus as a Boy", "Play Dead", "Big Time Sensuality" and "Violently Happy". "Play Dead" was recorded after the album's release and was later issued as a bonus track in a few regions. All five singles charted in the United Kingdom with only "Human Behaviour", "Violently Happy" and "Big Time Sensuality" charting on dance and modern rock charts in the United States. Despite the continued praise from critics, Björk did not consider ''Debut'' one of her best albums, stating that she has made and will make better music.〔 == Background and production == While still performing as the vocalist of Icelandic alternative rock group the Sugarcubes, Björk approached both Ásmundur Jónsson of Bad Taste and producer Derek Birkett of One Little Indian Records with a demo cassette of her own songs on which she had been working.〔Pytlik, 2003. p.63〕〔Pytlik, 2003. p.52〕 These demos included versions of songs that would appear on ''Debut'', including "The Anchor Song" and "Aeroplane".〔 After the Sugarcubes went on hiatus, she moved to London, England, where she and Birkett worked on the details of what would become ''Debut''.〔 Björk has admitted that The Sugarcube's music was not her taste, and that her contact with London's underground club culture of the late 1980s/early 1990s helped her find her own musical identity. She said: "...as a music nerd, I just had to follow my heart, and my heart was those beats that were happening in England. And maybe what I'm understanding more and more as I get older, is that music like Kate Bush has really influenced me. Brian Eno. Acid. Electronic beats. Labels like Warp."〔 Many of the songs on the album were written years before Björk moved to London, including "Human Behaviour" which was written when the singer was a teenager. Björk had put aside these songs stating that "I was in punk bands and (songs ) weren't punk."〔 Björk had already written half the songs for ''Debut'' in some form, but had nothing recorded.〔 With no producer in line to work with, she continued to compose songs with 808 State member Graham Massey in a friend's home in Manchester where she would write songs that would be included on later albums, including "Army of Me" and "The Modern Things".〔Pytlik, 2003. p.64〕 While creating more electronic based tracks with Massey, Björk developed a desire to work with a jazz producer. Wanting to work with a harpist, producer Paul Fox who had previously worked with the Sugarcubes, introduced her to jazz harpist Corky Hale.〔 Hale was going to politely refuse to work with Björk until her stepson, who was a Sugarcubes fan, insisted that she take the job.〔 Björk recorded a handful of jazz standards with Hale including "I Remember You" and an early version of "Like Someone in Love".〔 Fox also introduced Björk to Oliver Lake and the pair recorded another jazz standard, "Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries", with Lake's jazz group the Art Ensemble of Chicago for the John Hughes film ''Curly Sue''.〔Pytlik, 2003. p.65〕 Hughes turned down the idea of the recording for the film, but it led to the idea of ''Debut'' being produced by Fox and arranged by the Art Ensemble of Chicago.〔Pytlik, 2003. p.66〕 Björk contracted Lake for working with some session saxophonists in London for ''Debut''.〔 Lake's contributions to the album are heard on tracks including "Aeroplane" and "The Anchor Song".〔 Björk was intending to have several producers work on the album, but this idea never came to fruition.〔 Björk was then going to have the album produced with Paul Fox until she was introduced to producer Nellee Hooper by her boyfriend Dominic Thrupp.〔Pytlik, 2003. p.67〕 Hooper had previously produced albums by Soul II Soul, Sinéad O'Connor and Massive Attack, which made Björk skeptical about working with him, stating that "I thought Nellee was too 'good taste' for my liking. But then I met him, got to know him, () got to hear about his fabulous ideas..."〔〔Whitely, 2000. p.211〕 Björk and Hooper's recording ideas were very similar, which led to the decision to end production work with Massey and Fox.〔 Hooper introduced Björk to studio technology and studio programmer Marius de Vries who gave ''Debut'' a modern style with the use of keyboards and synthesizers.〔 Hooper produced the first ten tracks on the album, while Björk co-produced "Like Someone in Love" with Hooper and produced "The Anchor Song" solely herself. Björk and Hooper spent many sessions in the studio working on ''Debut'' until the album was finished in early 1993.〔Pytlik, 2003. p.68〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Debut (Björk album)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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